The Canadian Legal System vs. The United States Legal System Research Paper

The Canadian Legal System vs. The United States Legal System - Research Paper Example The abortion law was found to violate the rights of women when it comes to their â€Å"freedom of conscience† and â€Å"liberty†. Women’s rights are protected in the Canadian constitution that’s the reason why the government is reluctant to touch the topic regarding the unborn since it would be a violation of the women’s constitutional rights to do so. In Canada, women are given the power of choice. The government funds abortion through the Canadian Medicare except for two provinces which refuses to grant it full funding even if it is required by law. This refusal is because of two reasons; one is because of politically motivated anti-choice biases and the discrimination of private clinics which are operating outside of the Canadian healthcare system. Most of the abortion procedures are done in public hospitals but most of the hospitals do not perform the surgery. Having access to the procedure is a major problem for women in major places. This predicament leads women to travel distances (Arthur, 2011). In America, the abortion law has lots of restrictions even if it is legal. The American court ruled a â€Å"trimester framework† for abortion. On the first trimester, the law allows doctors to perform the procedure regardless of reason disregarding the right of the woman to choose. On the second trimester, a state could regulate the abortion only if it is for the woman’s health. In the third trimester, which is after viability, states could protect the unborn life except if it is necessary to protect the well-being of the mother (Monahan, 2006). Parental consent is needed for teenagers seeking an abortion. In contrast to Canada allowing the use of public funds, the use of public funds and facilities for abortion in America is not allowed. Viability tests are also required after 20 weeks. And women are forced to have a waiting period and visit the clinic at least two times. Monahan, Michael ( 2006). Planned

To what extent do you agree that CCTV has had a positive effect on Essay

To what extent do you agree that CCTV has had a positive effect on society - Essay Example The first area under review is airport territory as, unfortunately, airports become one of the main targets for terrorists what requires increased attention of security. Human capacity is limited to keep in focus all the details, especially small ones, even if many people are employed. That is the main reason why Closed Circuit Television surveillance is needed. For instance, all the records can be saved and revised should the need arise for more clarification. Such a situation explains the necessity of CCTV implementation to reduce the risk of terrorist attacks and to assist better in questions of preventive measures. Due to this factor, it is possible to minimize the need of hiring a great number of people what is reflected on the economic performance in general. Additionally, with the help of CCTV it is easier to control the quality of pilots work that is the most essential in questions of passengers safety. Moreover, being under control, the level of responsibility is growing and makes people perform better with their obligations. Besides that, such surveillance helps to monitor the quality of services provided by the airport staff, like baggage maintenance and handling, for instance (Airport Security, 2009). To opposite to all those people who worry about their privacy, it should be mentioned that all the video observation is absolutely confidential and only a few people have access to those files what leaves no place for fears of the interference into anyones private life. The other area where CCTV cameras are useful is on the roads. The article (ZeeNews, 2014) has a negative feedback on the growing quantity of cameras and the accessibility to the recorded information. But, according to Surveillance Road Map, where the laws protecting Human Rights are described, it is stated that such an important question as privacy is regulated by the set of laws that carry penalties and punishment corresponding to the

A Comprehensive Definition Of Counselling Psychology Essay

A Comprehensive Definition Of Counselling Psychology Essay This essay will give a clear definition of counselling and give a discussion with regards to the counselling settings that make a client feel safe. The essay will so discuss the characteristic that an effective counsellor should possess and give the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence in the counselling process. Importance of self-care will also be discussed in the essay. A COMPREHENSIVE DEFINITION OF COUNSELLING Counselling is a process that enables a person to sort out issues and reach decision affecting their life. Often counselling is sought out at times to change a crisis and help people at any time of their life. Counselling involves talking with a person in a way that helps that person to solve in a way that create conditions that will cause the person to understand and improve their behaviour, character, values or lifes circumstances. Counselling is often performed face to face in confidential sessions between the counsellor and clients. Counselling can and may take many different format to bring a person to a better understanding of themselves and others. It can be seen that counselling can be of benefit to a person experiencing problems in finding, forming and maintaining relationships. Counselling is an umbrella term that covers a range of talking therapy. These are delivered by trained practitioners who work with people over a short or long period of time to help them bring about effective change or enhance their wellbeing. It is also a process in which a person is helped to explore the situation and find solution or answers for a problem. Counselling is a method of guidance of an individual. It helps the client to grow to a greater maturity by allowing the individuals to take responsibilities and to make their own decision ( John Rita, 2004). A DISCUSSION OF WHAT THE COUNSELLOR CAN DO WITH THE REGARDS TO THE COUNSELLING SETTING TO MAKE A CLIENT FEEL SAFE. A counsellor can have a Person-centred counselling where a therapeutic relationship between a counsellor and a client is formed. The client needs to be able to talk about whatever they need to, share their intimate thoughts and explore sometimes difficult feelings. For this a client needs to feel able to fully trust the counsellor, feel safe, supported and that they will not be judged. The counsellor should work on creating the right environment in which a client feels able to look at themselves and develop a greater understanding of their own thoughts, feelings and meanings. The counsellor is not there to analyse or give them advice, but instead to be alongside them supporting them and helping to explore their own issues with the belief that the client will come to find their own answers (France, 1984). According to Sutton (1998:50-56) creating a warm and safe environment is an essential stepping-stone to building a strong therapeutic alliance. A counsellor should have a room that h elps the client feel comfortable so that they can star sharing their concerns. Counsellors should give examples of opening sentences to help break the ice, as well as discussing some other important topics, including building trust boundary issues such as contrasting and terminating sessions on time. There should have the sessions in the same room that way the client will feel safe and comfortable and a counsellor should have chairs places approximately four feet apart and slightly at an angle. A small clock needs to be positioned where the counsellor can glance at it and attention should be paid to the lighting and room temperature. A box of tissues should be placed where the client can easily reach them, a vase of flowers should be available to add some colour to the setting so that the client can feel some warmth and reflect something of your personality. Greeting the client and showing them their sit can also make them feel safe. Addressing the client by the first name can also make them feel comfortable and accepted but you should ask them how they want to be addressed and introducing yourself with your first name can also mean breaking down the barriers of inequality. The counsellors opening sentences should be empathic and their posture should demonstrate to the client that they are ready to listen. Building trust is also important for people who have been let down before so developing the skills of active listening, accurate, sensitive responding, reflecting feelings, and empathy demonstrating that you are fully present for the client can help to establish a solid foundation of trust ( Sutton, 1998). THE CHARACTERISTICS THAT AN EFFECTIVE COUNSELLOR SHOULD POSSESS. First the counsellor should work on building a relationship. A requirement for being an effective counsellor is being able to practice and impart the skill of empathy in the client-counsellor interaction. The ability to convey a sense of confidence give clients a sense of confidence in themselves and confidence that the counsellor is directing people in the right direction. The counsellor should always be open-minded. They should not be judgemental but instead know how to give the best suggestions on how to deal with different types of situations. They need to know how to put themselves in ones shoes. Counsellors also need to be friendly with everyone. They should never let the person they are counselling feel more down than they already are. The counsellor should also be a good listener (Gladding, 1988). An effective counsellor should be able to relate to the person they are counselling and display a level of commitment. A counsellor should be able to inspire their client and help them see their potential. An effective counsellor should show their client that opportunities multiply and that life is a long line of opportunities. A counsellor should make their client understand that the choices they make presently will affect them in the long run and to collate what and how these choices will and are playing a role in their lives. According to Gladding (1988:100-105) a counsellor should have awareness and understanding of ones own self it means understanding ones feelings, personal strengths and limitation. This would help counsellors to understand themselves sufficiently and to know exactly what they are doing, why they are doing it. A counsellor should be in good health and should not be distracted by ones own problems. A counsellor should be open minded meaning that they should be able to distinguish between their own beliefs and values to that of their client and not force them to follow a particular value or belief system. Counsellors should have respect for their clients; they must view them as worthwhile people and treat them with warmth and dignity. The counsellor must have assertiveness. It may be verbal or non-verbal. Verbal attentiveness involves what is expressed to the client and the way it is expressed. Allowing clients to complete their sentences is one way of verbal attentiveness. Using verbal encouragers such as I see are ways of demonstrating verbal attentiveness. It is also important for a counsellor to learn to alter their voice and change their volume and speed depending on the clients reactions and situations. Non-verbal attentiveness includes eye contact, head nods, facial expression, body posture and distance. THE IMPORTANCE OF UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD, EMPATHY AND CONGRUENCE IN THE COUNSELLING PROCESS Unconditional positive regard, empathy and congruence are the counsellors conditions needed to facilitate change. Without these conditions being present a healing relationship cannot form. 5.1 The importance of unconditional positive regard According to Rogers (1951:55-60) unconditional positive regard is when one person is completely accepting towards another person. This is not just showing acceptance but is an attitude that is demonstrated through behaviour. Unconditional positive regard is the fundamental attitude of the person-centred counsellor towards the client: Some component of unconditional positive regards include Respect: respecting a person in the dignity and brokenness as a person Non-judgemental: being neither judgemental against people of different race and sex Acceptance: accepting people in all their fullness, missing out including how they treat the relationship with you. Valuing: embracing the person you encounter, and valuing them as a unique person. Caring: being concerned for the person and wanting the best them Nurturing: wanting to help the person to grow in whatever ways are open for their growth as a person Love: experiencing the full richness of non-possessive love for the person in this relationship 5.2 The importance of empathy and in the counselling process According to Rogers (1942:60-65) Empathy is an essential variable for engendering constructive personality change in the therapeutic process. Empathy in addition to congruence and unconditional positive regard, has achieved a consensus standing in the professional literature as a core condition in facilitating the treatment relationship in counselling and psychotherapy. Empathy is the capacity to recognize and share feelings such as sadness and happiness that are experienced by another person and it involves sensitivity to the clients problems and being able to see things the way the client does. It involves perceiving and communicating. Perceiving is an intense process of active listening by the counsellor. On the other hand in communicating the counsellor says something that tells the client that their meanings and feelings are understood. Cultural sensitivity and knowledge of cultures different from the counsellor own are important to the effective use of the empathy. Empathy is r ecognized as a prominent variable in the development of a positive relationship. With an enhancement of empathy understanding, clients generally increase their level of therapy satisfaction, likelihood of compliance, and involvement in the treatment process. Being empathetic ensures you are listening and dealing with the clients concerns as they present them. You are not judging them. Empathy can assist counselors when dealing with challenging clients through Intensity responding to the feelings expressed at the appropriate level of intensity for example if you are working with a client. They are very agitated, about to be evicted and their mother is sick. Your response is You are a bit upset. The client becomes distant you have not reflected their level of emotion accurately. Context take all aspects into account not just word and non-verbal behaviour. A lot of people we come into contact with have multiple problems in their lives. They may behave in ways we find inappropriate but taken in context of their experience are understandable. Selective responding sometimes it may be appropriate to respond only to feelings or behaviour. Some clients do not respond well to discussing their feelings and in these cases it is useful to focus on more concrete elements such as experience and behaviour. When your empathic responses have been successful it is evident from the clients response, a nod of the head, or a positive verbal response. If a counsellors empathic response has not been accurate the client will indicate this non-verbally by stopping, fumbling or becoming frustrated. Being aware of these signs will assist a counsellor in relating to the challenging client (Rogers: 1951). 5.3 The importance of congruence in the counselling process According to Rogers (1942:66-70) Congruence means genuineness. People are congruent when they are not trying to appear to be anything other than what they are. Congruence is concerned with a persons attempt to achieve harmony in their way of being. Congruent is closely related to a number of terms such as honesty, transparency yet its meaning does not coincide with any of these. In providing the three counselling processes the counsellor creates a therapeutic environment which enables a client to psychologically self-heal. Congruency can help a counsellor to identify a client by the way the client will be portraying themselves. In counselling process this would help a counsellor to be able to work with a person who knows their true self so it wont be difficult to help that person to overcome the obstacles they face in life. THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF-CARE FOR COUNSELLORS Self care is a way of living that incorporates behaviours that help you to be refreshed, replenish your personal motivation, and grow as a person. It is the equivalent of keeping your car filled with gas so that you are ready to go anywhere you want without being worried if the gas is enough to go a distance. As school counsellors one of the major expectations is developing prevention and intervention strategies for students. However this cannot discount the need to develop own prevention and intervention plans for self-care. Prevention for burnout might include such things as asking for supervision, promoting your own personal wellness plan including a method to refill your own emotional bucket. Develop your own professional and personal support system with not only those who support you but those who will challenge you if you are exhibiting signs of burnout. Periodic self-assessments and evaluation of life stressors is an important prevention strategy. Personal counselling, nurturi ng your own emotional self, evaluating personal relationships, engaging in stress management and positive recreational activities offers value in burnout prevention as well ( Gladding, 1988). Counsellors should build a strong foundation for themselves this means spending time to strengthen themselves physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually for example daily clearing is to check and identify how you are feeling and what you are thinking. Gather quality support such as finding a community like-minded people so that they can give you support. When you are with supportive people you will feel positive and empowered. Get rid of commitments that weigh you down and use the time to do things that give pleasure. Self-care is actually taking care of yourself after a long day at work so that you can work on your inner thoughts and be able to help people with a free mind and not experiencing burnout. Giving yourself time to do all the things that mean a lot to your life and keep you happy will keep you revived and strong enough to face your client with confidence ( Gladding, 1988). CONCLUSION This essay defined counselling and discussed the setting that a counsellor should be at to make a client feel safe with specific reference made looking at the characteristic that an effective counsellor should possess. The essay discussed the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence and self-care in counselling process and in a counsellors own life

Abraham of Chaldea Essay -- Biographies Religion Essays

Abraham of Chaldea Abraham : From the Bible The following is a narrative description on the life and times of one of the most powerful characters in the Old Testament. Abraham was indeed a man of God in a time where few men believed in the One true God. Through many triumphs and errors, he always returned to God to lead him back to his calling. His dedication resulted in great promises from God that were eventually fulfilled and affect each of our lives today. His story is our story. Abraham was a native of Chaldea, and a ninth generation descendant of Shem, the son of Noah. He was born on the southern tip of the Tigris and Uuphrates rivers in the city of Ur around 2161BC.1 Before his name was changed to Abraham, his name was Abram. When Abram was about seventy years of age he moved with his family to live in Haran. The reason he moved was because "The God of glory appeared to our father Abram when he was in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran, and said to him, "Depart from your country and your relatives, and come into the land that I will show you." 2 While in Haran, Abram's father died and God spoke to him again saying, "Go forth from your country, and from your relatives and from your father's house, to the land which I will show you." 3 He obeyed and left Haran with his brother Nahor's family and his Nephew Lot without really knowing where he was going. At this time, God did not reveal to him he was going to Canaan. God only told him "the land which I will show you." 4 When he did arrive in Canaan, he camped in the plains of Moreh, between the mountains of Ebal and Cerizim. It was here he was given the second promise from God that his seed would possess this land. Abram buil... ...d Limited) * The Holy Bible, King James Version (The World Publishing Company) * The New Ungers's Bible Dictionary (Moody Press) 1 Ungers, pg. 12 2 King James, Acts 7:2-3 3 King James, Gen. 12:1 4 King James, Gen. 12:1 5 King James, Gen. 12:6-7 6 Class Lecture, Jon Randles 7 Everyday life in Bible Times, pg. 89 8 Class Lecture, Jon Randles 9 King James, Gen. 20:12 10 King James, Gen. 14:17 11 King James, Gen. 14:19-20 12 Halley, pg. 95 13 Reader's Digest Bible, pg. 35 14 King James, 15:1 15 Reader's Digest Bible, pg. 35 16 Unger's, pg. 13 17 Reader's Digest Bible, pg. 36 18 Unger's, pg. 13 19 Reader's Digest Bible, pg. 37 20 King James, Gen. 19:28 21 Heb. 11:19 22 Reader's Digest Bible, pg. 40 23 Unger's, pg. 14 24 Reader's Digest Bible, pg. 40 25 Reader's Digest Bible, pg. 40-41 26 Ungers's, pg. 14

Modern management

If Dollar General wished to raise the prices of an item that was previously priced lower than their competitor, there are a number of steps they should take to maintain control of the process. Perdue has eased the control of prices by building in some slack in the pricing system to allow for raised prices. The first step is precontrol, in this case determination of the appropriate price – i.e. controlling price changes so that they can raise the price of the product without losing too many sales. This requires analysis of the price elasticity of the item in order to determine how much they can raise the price. The second step is concurrent control – communication of the new price to the stores, which may include provision of new price tags, communication through company channels such as email or generated reports, etc. and monitoring by managers to make sure the price changes are implemented. The third step, of feedback control, is monitoring the price change in order to make sure that the price change did not produce more than the accepted loss of sales as determined in step one.   These steps will allow the stores to implement a higher price on a previously lower-priced product. ‘The CEO should consider the relatively low sales at higher square footage stores to be a symptom of a problem, not a problem in and of itself. Dollar General’s store layouts and inventory assignments are tightly controlled and optimized for maximum efficiency and sales. However, most of their stores are smaller stores, averaging 7,000 square feet or less. This puts the larger stores at a disadvantage because they are carrying a mix of products that may not be optimal for the store size. This means that the lower sales per square foot is a symptom of a non-optimal inventory mix and layout superimposed on a larger store, not a problem in and of itself. While it should be solved, it can be solved indirectly by analyzing the inventory and layout needs of the larger stores rather than directly tackling the lower sales. A discount retailer such as Dollar General should use all three types of control (precontrol, concurrent control and feedback control) when attempting to control shrink. Precontrol can include such measures as establishing shrink management practices, such as careful cash control and cash handling training for employees, stock handling procedures, and security, in order to prevent common anticipated problems. Concurrent control, such as monitoring of security systems and active employee observation, can prevent shrink from shoplifting and excess employee waste. Finally, feedback control in the form of incentives such as bonuses or prizes for stores with low shrink percentages can help to reinforce the precontrol and concurrent control measures taken. Control measures are most effective when all potential routes of control loss are considered and actions are taken at the appropriate level to deal with them. It would not be appropriate or effective for a manager or other controller to attempt to poor cash handling after each incident   – it is more effective to develop policies that mandate teaching employees proper cash handling beforehand. 1. Information quality is the degree to which information represents reality. Information timeliness is the extent to which the receipt of information allows decisions to be made in a timely manner in order to allow the business to benefit from its use. Nike is using the information gained from its information systems to determine its required inventory levels, which are dependent on the projecte d demand for the product. This means that information quality is important because less than quality information could mean that Nike focuses its manufacturing and distribution efforts in less than optimal areas. The initial implementation of the information system generated more than $100 million in incorrect orders due to lack of information quality. Information timeliness is also important to Nike. Because the information system is tied to the manufacturing and distribution system, the timeliness of the information provided directly impacts the organization’s ability to produce and distribute the appropriate inventory. If the information is not provided in a timely manner, the manufacturing and sales may appear to be reactive rather than proactive, and Nike may miss the top of their demand curve because information was provided too slowly or because the system generated orders too early. 2. The security issues for Nike’s sales forecasting and factory order system include automated threats such as worms, viruses etc, and internal sabotage by disgruntled employees and external breach by either hackers or industrial spies. Automated threats are a threat at any time when a system is connected to the Internet; while it is less common now than in the past, viruses may also be transmitted via infected media such as CD-Rom or removable solid-state media. Internal sabotage by disgruntled employees can also be a problem; in order to mitigate this, permissions and access to the system should be handled on a minimum required basis (each employee should be given only the permissions required to perform his or her job, and permissions should be actively managed as employees move from task to task). Outside breaches by hackers or industrial spies is a concern for Nike because they are a high-profile company in a highly competitive business, making them a tempting target for hackers to try to gather lucrative information from their information systems. 3. Currently Nike targets individual groups of consumers with games and information online that is targeted to their special interests, and provides an IM-based game for soccer fans. There are a number of other uses for the World Wide Web that could help Nike communicate with its customers. They could use online surveying techniques and online feedback forums to enhance their market strategies and improve their products and address customer complaints. They could also utilize the Web as a central platform for their marketing strategy, including running specially designed Web sites for high-profile new products, creating customer contests, games and trivia and building a Nike community around their sites. Nike also has opportunities to create product tie-ins based on the Web. Their IM soccer game is a prototype of a way in which games or custom-branded software can keep the Nike brand in front of their customers all the time. Streaming media allows for music and movie tie-ins delivered via the Web. Nike could also use the Web for internal purposes. For example, an employee recruiting web site could increase the number and quality of their job applicants, as well as provide a prescreening facility for the HR organization. Skillful use of the Web also portrays the image of a technologically savvy and forward-looking company, which is vital to its market viability. Modern management 1. Organizational resources are the prime variables that ultimately translate into the cumulative compilation of production output. It can be stated that production is the final result that is instrumented by several processes that make up the basic procedure of the production unit. The term ‘organizational resource’ can be enumerated as a compilation of different aspects that include variables like personnel, motivation, cost of raw materials, supply chain management, knowledge management, material processing and market forecast analysis. All these together ensure the success of the ultimate quality and quantity of the production along with the favorable pricing per unit for the produced output. Thus it could be mentioned that the relation between the organizational resources and the production is inseparable and vital for the health of the industry. For an industry to obtain favorable conditions in the market it is necessary to formulate a strategy that would enable the organization to keep every aspect of the units involved in a well passed manner. The purchase of material would ensure that the value is obtained out of the purchase while the supply chain would ensure that there is no wastage of materials and the materials are presented to the processing unit in proper time. The same principals are true with the processing units too. The efficiency level of the personnel involved along with their motivation level ensures the best possible production out of the initial possesses involved. Thus it could be stated that organizational resources and production relation is vital and inseparable for any organization and the ultimate success of an organization is ensured by this relation. (Lamb, 2004) 2. The aspects of managerial effectiveness and efficiency are interrelated and are highly potent if applied in a well formulated manner. Any industry survives on the potential of the strategy that is taken and implemented by the management of that industry. As a result the prime factor that should be instigated in the organizational operational activities is the proper and smooth transaction of managerial effectiveness and efficiency into an enhanced and even relationship. The relationship between managerial effectiveness and efficiency is vital for an organization because for any industry effective personnel at suitable position are a primal factor for success. A person might be very efficient at formulation and modeling strategy. But the same person might not be an effective administrator. That is way it becomes important to position the best person possible at position where the efficiency could be yielded at maximum. Thus relation between managerial effectiveness and efficiency becomes an object of prime concern for any organization. It can be stated that by the term managerial effectiveness it is understood as the positional utility of a personnel whereas by the term efficiency it is reflected that the potential of the positional utility is utilized in full.   To compile and relate these two important variables it is important to evaluate the human resource structure at its maximum to yield the utmost possible result. The success and failure of an organization largely depends on such a formulation and practical implementation of the human resource department at its highest extent. The managerial effectiveness and efficiency is the keystone of success and the competitive advantage of an organization is dependent on such important organizational factors or variables. (King, 2001) References: King, H; (2001); Management Principals Today; HBT & Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis; (2004); Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata; National Book Trust. Modern Management Corporate Social Responsibility is the duty of the management of the company to ensure that the welfare of the society is brought about along with promoting the development and wellbeing of the company.   It is the duty of the manager to ensure that both the social interests and the organizational interests are maintained and developed (Cresto, 2006).   However, at the moment, the opinion regarding corporate involvement in social responsibilities is differing.   The arguments for and against social responsibility activities by the corporate could be considered.Positive outcomes for the business by performing social responsibility activities:-The good name and the reputation of the company would be promoted as they would perform their duty of maintaining and developing the interests of the society.  As the interests of the society are improved, the social system would improve and this could also be beneficial for the corporate.  The management of the corporate would be more interested in maintaining the interests of the society along with the organization.   Hence, the Human resources that would be a part of the corporate would be of high quality.As the organization would mutually benefit with the society, the ability of the company to grow and survive in that particular society would be higher.   Hence, the corporate could move into identifying and organizing certain long-term plans.   On a long-term basis, the chances of developing sustained profits would be higher if social interests are maintained.  The unemployment rates in the society and the job satisfaction in the company would improve due to the economic growth felt by the corporate presence.  If the consumers are a part of the society, the chances of developing and maintaining relationships with them would be higher.]Negative outcomes for the business by performing social responsibility activities:-  According to Friedman, the chances of the management to indulge in unethical prac tices are higher so as to make profits that would ensure performance of social responsibilities.They could be a conflict within the management or outside the management for maintaining the goals of the organization or the goals of the society.The corporate would be spending the money of the consumers on maintaining and developing the interests of the society.   This could raise the prices of the goods or services produced by the company.   Consumers may prefer to purchase a product or services from a company that does not have a social benefit policy than a company that does, as the price is more likely to be less.The stakeholders of the corporate and the potential investors may not want to invest in that particular company, as they fear that they would be losing their money on social beneficial activities. The company would be using fewer resources on production (as the financial resources are spending on social interests).   The production would decrease and the chances of h aving higher amounts of profit would be lowered.   The company’s ability to develop a stronger long-term plan would be less likely.A Multinational corporation (MNC’s) is a company that has its presence felt in more than one nation across the World or does business at the global level.   The term MNC’s was utilized in the 1970’s in the US.   MNC’s usually do not consider national barriers that would restrict business.   Recently, the foreign investment in the US has improved drastically, and the chances of it improving further in the future are realistically high.   The process of a company becoming a multinational occurs in stages.In the first stage, the company merely exports products to foreign nations.   In the second stage, the company develops sales units in the foreign nations.   In the third stage, the company would permit foreign-based companies to make and sell their products and services under the main company’s name.    In the fourth stage, manufacturing units are set up by the company in the foreign nation.   In the fifth step, the management of the company is multi-nationalized in such a way that a corporate decision in the parent company would be affected in the foreign nations.   In the last stage, the ownership of the company is multi-nationalized.Two companies that are US-based MNC’s include General Electric and IBM.   General Electric had sales of $ 129, 853 million in the year 2001 (Listed by Forbes Global).   The portion of foreign sales was about 33 % and the net profits were about $ 12, 735 million.   It has $ 437, 006 million as assets and it market value is about 406, 525 million $.   The enterprise value of the company is about 613, 268 million $.   IBM has sales of about $ 88, 396 million in the year, and its foreign sales is about 58 % of the total sales.   Its net profit of about $ 8, 093 million, and its total assets is about 88, 349 million $.   It h as a market value of about 167, 206 million dollars and the enterprise value is about 194, 097 million $ (Cresto, 2006).Two foreign investors MNC’s that have invested in the US include Daimler Chrysler AG (from Germany) which is an automobile company and ING Group (from Netherlands) which offers financial services.   Daimler Chrysler AG had a total revenue of 86, 071 million $ in the year 2001 in the US, and its total assets in the US was more than 82, 000 million $ in the US.   The ING Group had revenue of about 14, 997 million $ in the year 2001 in the US and its net income was about 442 million US $ (Cresto, 2006).References:Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 3: Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 50-76.Cresto, S. C. and Cresto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 2: Modern Management Challenges, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 80-102.Cresto, S. C. and Cr esto, S. T. (2006). Chapter 2: Modern Management Challenges, Modern Management, (10th ed), New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, pp. 106-111.

Teachers and Faculty Carry Concealed Weapons on Campus Essay

Teachers and Faculty Carry Concealed Weapons on CampussImagine the feeling of safety as if it is invariably within our control or ability. people that are in ownership of a hidden arm are cognizant of the duty and the consequences of what can go on when utilizing a hidden arm. Safety of instructors. all other employees and pupils at a larning intuition can greatly better if the staff could be armed with hidden arms. Besides we must retrieve that all citizens of the United States have the right to transport and have a arm as guaranteed by the 2nd amendment of the fundamental law of the United States of America. Safety and security could be greatly improved with instructors and module transporting concealed arms on campus. hence. the instructors and module addition security ; the safety of the pupils can besides be achieved. The 2nd amendment to the fundamental law guarantees people the right to have and utilize a arm without intervention from the authorities ( Constitution ) . Although to transport a hidden arm requires extra permitting in all the provinces and districts of the United States. This is to assist everyone is safe and guarantee that a arm does non stop up in the incorrect custodies. This can dwell of a complete and through back land cheque. fingerprinting. and even mental wellness ratings may be required in some provinces. Some provinces besides require the applicant exhausted clip on the shot scope. schoolroom. and go to a basic huntsman instruction class. This includes the safety demands that a individual is expected to follow when in ownership of a arm and the proper manner to procure a arm when finished with its usage. After the certification procedure is completed this ensures the individuals has the ability to decently have and keep a hidden arm license. Most instructors and module accordingly would hold to take the clip to procure the proper certification so that they would be compliant with all the province and local Torahs to transport a hidden arm. Since. the instructors are traveling to hold more cognition of the pupils to cognize how to defuse a hostile or bad state of affairs. On the other manus the module being familiar with the campus layout would cognize how to procure the campus for the safety of everyone else on the campus. Even if this state of affairs merely happened one more clip and it saved the life of one individual instructors and module transporting a concealed arm could extinguish this state of affairs from of all time go oning at any learning establishment. Most instructors have already spent at least four old ages or more in school to learn and assist people larn in a safe and unafraid environment. Not to be in fright that a disturbed or disquieted pupil brings a arm to school and intends harm person. Besides teacher’s giving a class that a pupil thinks they should hold received a better class than they did. Then the pupils that carry arms to school to settle a mark with another pupil or even the spill over from an incident related to old pack activity. As a consequence of instructors and module transporting a concealed arm a 2nd idea would hold to be raised in the culprits mind cognizing they were traveling into a state of affairs where the resistance is besides transporting a hidden arm. Besides. let’s non bury that this is a right that we have and are non in any manner be forced into or even have to take part in. Similarly. school systems all over the United States are engaging a school resource officers and private security contractors to hold armed forces on campuses. This is known to diminish the opportunities of state of affairss intensifying with armed individuals on campuses. This would supply the added security that is needed to keep order and safety on our campuses. This will guarantee the pupils. instructors. module members are stay safe to foster their instruction and keep the unity of the acquisition establishments today and forever. However. the cost for the added constabulary or contracted security forces. and this will far transcend the cost of developing instructors or module forces to transport a hidden arm on campus ( Lewis ) . Therefore. allow us non bury that all of us will necessitate to utilize these establishments for schooling. proving. and larning a new occupation. It is safe to state that making these things in a safe environment is traveling to do that easier on anyone when preforming any undertaking required at larning establishments. Merely people that are willing and able to take part in this type of plan feel a demand for the added protection and security for our kids in school. instructors. and module. What would hold happened if a keeper noticed the culprit at Sandy Hook Elementary School and challenged him and he ne'er breeched the school. What if the gunslinger was challenged by the keeper before even acquiring inside the school. With a hidden arm on the module member this could hold been wholly avoided and ensuing in no loss of any lives. As a consequence of the presence of arms on campuses or anyplace we are ever traveling to hold the menace of force proving our security steps. As a consequence of instructors and module members transporting a concealed arm this will cut down the menace of force in our school guaranting that our kids safe and unafraid when we leave them at a learning establishment. Plants CitedLewis. Lyndsey. â€Å"Nevada Considers Arming Professors. † Chronicle of Higher Education 53. 44( 2007 ) : A20. 1/7. Print.Fundamental law of the United States of America. Bill of Rights the Second Amendment. † The rightto have and utilize a weapon† . World Wide Web. archives. gov/exhibts/charters/bill_of_rights. ( 1789 ) .

The Missing Peace essays

The Missing Peace essays The original Americans which were the Native Americans like all human communities, were people of both peace and war. These text however shows the battles of the Native Americans the victories as well as their defeats and their sufferings. There is a missing piece to the Native American story, the challenge is to recover it. Each of the five hundred Native American tribes or nations had its own distinctive peace tradition. The invasion by the whites challenged and subverted the tradition of the peace heritage. The authors felt that American history has been based too much on violence and not enough on the peace efforts. Has carnage and inhumanity been the only focus on American history? For the majority, yes. It has a great deal to do with the way history is taught in the classroom. Text books consistently speak of great turning points in American history which generally are results of war, taking of land, and most importantly the killing of man. There has always been little focu s on the peace aspect of history. The purpose of this text is to begin the process of altering U.S. history from the tyranny of our violent imaginations. These thoughts and imaginations built from stories of liberty and freedom accomplished through violence and war. Constructing our understanding of who we are, and our meaning and purpose as a country and the reasons for evaluating past events and the options we feel are available. The authors of this book James C. Junnke and Carol M. Hunter, challenge the myth of redemptive violence in American history. Their challenge consists of three main goals. The first is to demonstrate that violence in the United States has done more harm than good, has often encouraged rather than discouraged violence. The second goal is to offer a different viewpoint of history. To look at history with mutuality and interdependence rather than with self-willed triumph. The last goal of the of the three deals with providing hope ...

International Law and morality essays

International Law and morality essays How Many times as a citizen of this great nation does one hear, I wish America would take care of its problems at home and not everybody elses problems. This attitude leads to ideas such as, International law and morality has nothing to do with me and my family. However, it is said no man is an island, and no country is an island to be left alone. Therefore, as the world becomes a smaller place, the importance of international law, and morality must increase. In order to understand the importance of international law, one must understand what is international law. International law is, The body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and other entities having international personality (Britannica). International law has come about because nations feel the need to live together peacefully. However, it has its roots in each countrys self-interest, and there is no international law enforcing body. Each state has to adhere to the laws through cooperation. Also, some states have put international law into their jurisdictions. International law has come about by three processes, international customary law, treaties, and general principles of law. Customary law is sovereignty, recognition, consent, good faith, freedom of the sea, international responsibility, and self-defense among the states. Treaties help to form international law. Treaties are legally binding and may declare, change, or develop existing international law. There are some very important international rules controlled by treaties. Some of these important aspects of treaties are: diplomatic law, immunity, protection of nationals abroad, freedom of commerce, and succession to international rights and obligations. Also, large international organizations help form international law. Organizations such as United Nations play an important role in the development international law. They modify by consent rules o...

Airborne infectious disease

Airborne infectious disease Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease which is caused by bacteria belonging to Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex1. There are approximately one third of the world’s population are infected with tuberculosis where nine millions of new cases reported annually2. Although tuberculosis is essentially curable and preventable, it continues to cause millions of deaths every year2. When infected individual coughs, sneezes or spits, M. tuberculosis is propelled into the air and infected those who breathed in the bacteria that existed in droplets of saliva3. Primarily, tuberculosis will affect the lungs, known as pulmonary tuberculosis3. It will also affect other parts of body, for instance lymph nodes, bones, brain and kidneys3. Once a person is infected with tuberculosis, there are basically three possible ways may occur. Firstly, the immune system plays a vital role and strong enough to kill the bacteria3. Secondly, immune system is not strong enough to fight off the ba cteria but is able to build a defensive barrier against the bacteria3. Individuals who are latently infected with M. tuberculosis show asymptomatic where these bacteria lie dormant in the lungs and able to reactivate after years1. The disease is often reactivated in those who are immunocompromised or generally weakened. Lastly, the immune system fails to kill bacteria causing the bacteria to grow and spread towards other parts of body which is called active tuberculosis3. In the fight of tuberculosis, World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends universal Bacille Calmette-Guà ©rin (BCG) vaccination in the countries with high TB burdens4. BCG vaccine contains weakened form of M. tuberculosiswhich will induce antibodies to fight against this type of bacteria. The efficacy of BCG vaccination can be ranging from 0% to 84%5. This may be due to the frequency of TB exposure and quality of vaccine used, leading to arguments on BCG vaccination efficacies4. One of the greatest arguments is th at BCG vaccination causing positive reactions to tuberculin skin testing and hence interfere with the diagnosis of latent TB4. Existence of evidences showing the rates of efficacy also depends on geographical location, age at vaccination and form of TB further complicate the situation. Currently, TB chemotherapy is made up of a cocktail of first-line drugs isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (EMB) 6. If the treatment fails due to bacterial drug resistance, or patient unable to tolerate, second-line drugs for instance para-aminosalicylate (PAS), fluoroquinolones, ethionamide and cycloserine are introduced6. These are considered as second line drugs generally either less potent with larger doses or more toxic with serious side effects6. Tuberculosis is presently treated in two phases, namely initial phase and continuous phase7. In initial phase, the patient will be treated with concurrent use of four first line drugs, with the aim to eradicate or contr ol bacteria population to replicate in rapid motion and also avoid the emergence of bacteria resistance7. The treatment choices available for initial treatment include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol7. Streptomycin is used rarely but can be used in patients who infected with bacteria that are resistant to isoniazid before the therapy is commenced7. The duration for initial phase is 2 months whereas the continuous phase takes 4 months7. During the four months of continuous phase, patients are treated with isoniazid and rifampicin at same doses7. Most of the TB treatment is supervised where drug administration needs to be fully supervised by healthcare professions since lengthy duration of treatment causing incompliance in patients7. These patients who are unlikely to be compliance will be given the drugs three times a week until the course is completed while patients who able to comply with the treatment will not be supervised7.

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal law - Essay Example 9). As it seems, Carlan et al. essentially categorize two key elements that comprise the notion of felony: (1) crime and (2) punishment. First, felony is considered as a crime. And one of the three components of the term â€Å"crime† is that it is a â€Å"commission of an act prohibited by law† (Carlan et al., 2011, p. 8). In contrast to thought or imagining, a crime is an act in itself. (An intention to commit crime is arguably another element of crime.) A person commits a crime only if he or she does something that is contrary to law. Examples of crime under the felony classification are manslaughter, murder, and rape (Sanbar, 2007, p. 517). And second, felony constitutes a punishment. Besides death penalty, the salient feature of punishment under felony is the imprisonment of one year or more. Misdemeanor is another classification of crime. As opposed to felony, the concept of misdemeanor is broadly defined as a crime â€Å"lower than a felony and is generally punis hable by fine or imprisonment† (as cited in Siegel, 2008, p. 143). Meaning to say, misdemeanor is far from being a serious crime and, thus, its punishment is somewhat mild -- in particular, imprisonment as a punishment is usually less than a year. Further, misdemeanor has many scales of seriousness -- e.g., petty and gross misdemeanors. The main difference between the notions of misdemeanor and felony is the seriousness of the crime. Siegel (2008) provides an example by stating that hitting someone with a fist is categorically a misdemeanor while hitting a person with a club is considered as a felony (p. 146). Evidently, both cases (i.e., hitting) are crimes punishable by law. Nevertheless, they vary largely in the approach of committing the crime. The term â€Å"offense† such as petty offense is generally viewed as a subset of misdemeanor classification (Miller & Jentz, 2008, p. 182). Miller and Jentz (2008) define this legal concept as a minor violation; examples of p etty offences are jaywalking, violation of building code, among other offenses (p. 182). Obviously, offences are far from being a serious crime. What is interesting, though, about a petty offence is that it is considered as a crime. Indeed, the willful violation of following the standard building code is a crime. It must be noted that a national building code is a law per se. Carlan et al. (2011) argued that one of the elements of a crime is the â€Å"omission of an act required by law† (p. 8). Thus, the omission of incorporating the guidelines, which are stipulated in the building code, in the design structure is, by definition, a crime. Treason and espionage are both crimes directed against national security (Scheb, 2009, p. 320). Despite their similarity, nonetheless, the notions of treason and espionage are substantially distinct. On one hand, the term â€Å"treason† is categorized as a serious crime committed when one levies â€Å"war against them† or adher es to their enemies such as â€Å"giving them aid and comfort† (as cited in Scheb, 2009, p. 320). That is to say, a person commits treason when he or she helps the enemy of the country in which he or she lives or serves. Scheb observes that no person has been tried and convicted of treason since the World War II. In spite of the misconception of treason verdict, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted not of treason but of espionage. On the other hand, the term â€Å"

Project Management applied to House Renovation Assignment

Project Management applied to House Renovation - Assignment Example This method is beneficial and purposeful when the subject is too complex to unravel which demands a web of discussion to correlate theories of engineering, architecture, economics, and performance management of its workers (Shuttleworth, 2008). As a case study, the discussion hopes to generate careful thought and accurate explication that would be helpful in the realization of the project (Shuttleworth, 2008). Limitations The researcher is limited to discuss only about house renovations and the significance of performance management in executing the project plan. The limitations is centered solely about the challenges of an organization in defining, measuring and motivating workers’ performance to make the work cost-efficient and effective (Hartog, Boselie, & Paauwe, 2004) following the organizational strategies in human resource management and of quality control standards (Hartog, et al., 2004). It will therefore consider all models that are considerate of key workers’ roles, functions, communication expertise, skills, perceptions— all of which are subject to managerial capacity and other related causality (Hartog, et al., 2004) of renovation and construction. The researcher is likewise limited by international standard of professional ethics in the conduct of research. Related Literature House renovation is an economic activity because this will involve the use of human and capital resources, thus, considerate on household income that will guarantee the full completion of the project (Plaut, et al., 2010; p. 462). It is also dependent on decisions made by the family—as the latter make some rational choice on engineering design and on renovation model it seeks to effect, as well as, the structure they wish to change. This is... This essay discusses house renovation as an economic activity because this will involve the use of human and capital resources, thus, considerate on household income that will guarantee the full completion of the project. It is also dependent on decisions made by the family—as the latter make some rational choice on engineering design and on renovation model it seeks to effect, as well as, the structure they wish to change. This is therefore inclusive of logistics analysis and the theoretical precepts governing decision-making relating to renovation because persons involved must be sensitized on the present value of property, the variables of demolition and reconstruction, and, the cost of the construction materials that will be utilized in renovation. These variables cover (a) personal and household variables; (b) housing variables, and (c) geographic variables. The first variables are inclusive of data and information of household’s demographic profiles such as the nu mber of residents of a specific home, their gender, status, nationality, and their economic status. The latter is significant to determine the credit quality of the household and in determining their level of accountability when such renovation falls within the market cycle when mortgage is of high interest rate. The second variable cover matters about the value of the house sought to be renovated with it’s anent tax, mortgage rate and its physical condition.

Social justice for African American women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social justice for African American women - Essay Example ing the black women criminals,appears far easier than creating a health care system that ensures healthy babies for all citizens†. She argued that, there are two main ‘ingredients that powerful white men have poured into establishing social order.The first pertains to â€Å"the dehumanization of Africans on the basis of race,†and â€Å"the control of women’s sexuality and reproduction† (Rhapsodyinbooks, 2008). Before the feminist movement, according to Roberts the black African women had no rights; they were just slaves to the masters. In fact, the worse was they did not own their body--denied of the right to self-preservation. They were so unfortunate that they just like a chattel--a thing that could be sold. In addition, masters (the white men) would pay $400 and get a young female.The poor black woman would be forced to procreate for the masters.After she was used,the master would then sell her and her three kids for an amount of $4000. Roberts add ed that, â€Å"for slave women procreation had a little to do with liberty†... That was the scenario before, but it seems like the ban of importation of slaves during 1808 did not reach its power and influence in today’s time--United States government enslaves, criminalizes and dehumanizes those who do not compliment to the white men and women. 1.3 Injustice and Inequality Social problems in America still haunt the soul of Black women. Dawson (n.d.) stressed that white women were always praised and often tagged with kind words like industrious, intelligent, and responsible. On the contrary, Black women were dubbed as lazy, ignorant, and shiftless. Despite the provisions enclosed in 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), black women were still treated the way they were before. In addition, this act discriminates the poor black women--it limits their time on aid to a lifetime maximum of five years. Further, it strictly requires single mothers to marry. Those who lived far beyond in their segregated homes would suff er to travel miles of distance just to find livelihood for their children (Rhapsodyinbooks, 2008). 1.4 Assessment Justice requires equality and just treatment--no discrimination and violation of rights. Roberts, in her exemplary work detailed the points how black women were treated as if they were not human and did not exist. She argued that the concept of â€Å"liberty† was just about and for the interest and welfare of the whites only; for those who belong to middle class--that â€Å"liberty† is just concerned on the concept of â€Å"abortion.† Towards the end, she also reiterated that many policy proposals were detrimental to the Americans specially the ‘underestimated’ black women. Her argument

Agenda Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Agenda Setting - Essay Example As such, the input of the media in setting the agenda in such circumstances is vita since it helps decipher some of the prevailing political events at the time. The mass media is more likely to influence the opinions of an electorate during campaigns than the actual politician is. The structure of the media characterized with the various gatekeepers implies that decision of the mass media is informed therefore factual. The electorate therefore relies on the communications from the media. The elite are always more interested in politics that the illiterate in a society because politics of a country influences their wellbeing. Such a group considers the information they obtain from the media. The group relies on the media to initiate debates in social circles. The illiterate on the other hand believe the mass media content which often help them make their own personal decisions. The mass media gives intensified attention to specific issues in the society through repetitive coverage thus ensuring that the public discusses them at various stages. The article discusses the role of mass communication research in understanding the various effects of the mass media. The media continues to remain a vital section of the society that influences the actions, thoughts and feelings of the public. This implies that media is a vital aspect that does not only inform the public but influences the actions and thoughts of their target audience. By heightening research in the field, the scholar explains that the practitioners in the industry would discover new appropriate ways of ensuring that the media performs its functions effectively without harming the public. Mass communication research just as in any other discipline serves to develop new knowledge thereby informing the future of the profession. The book suggests specific features of the profession that requires effective research in order to uphold

ETHICAL DILEMAS INTERNATONALIZING FIRMS HAVE FACED Research Proposal

ETHICAL DILEMAS INTERNATONALIZING FIRMS HAVE FACED - Research Proposal Example Each party comes with marketing transactions according to their cultural backgrounds of how the businesses should exist as well as how business should be implemented (Mozur 2015). Each aspect of marketing has ethical implications. Ethical implications in marketing study include incursion of privacy along with stereotyping (Brislin & Yoshida, 1994). Stereotyping happens because of analysis of real population in order to make applications as well as placing individuals into groups (Merriam, 2001). However, if it is conducted irresponsibly it might lead to ethical objectionable results. In this perspective, selective market is mostly used to depress demand from unwanted market sectors. A number of unethical market barring includes past business stances to the gay, cultural minority as well as plus size markets (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 2012). Insufficient skills in marketing ploys is another ethical issue that is connected to vulnerable audiences in developing

What is the role of the British Museum in the history of modern Essay

What is the role of the British Museum in the history of modern sculpture in Britain - Essay Example Its collection of great art and antiquities has been collected from around the globe and is an excellent portrayal of all the continents. This collection documents and illustrates in great detail the story of human culture from the very beginning till the present day, encompassing 2 million years of human history (British Museum, n.d.). The British Museum’s establishment was based on the belief that a collection based on human history should be accessible to the general public for free. Another idea behind the Museum was that the different human cultures can understand each other through mutual engagement regardless of any differences between them. The purpose behind the Museum was to have a place where human cross-cultural investigation could take place (British Museum, n.d.). ... The main topic that Moore worked on included fallen warriors, the mother-and-child and family groups as well as most the reclining human figure (Mark Barrow Fine Art, 2005). After much criticism of his early work, Henry Moore finally received the International Prize for Sculpture which helped his worldwide reputation to increase and grow. Moore also became well known for his sketches which depicted people of London sheltering underground during the Second World War. His sketches of working miners also gained a lot of popularity (Mark Barrow Fine Art, 2005). It was in 1921, when Henry Moore was attending the Royal College of Art in London, that the young artist began visiting the British Museum (Phelan, 2001). In his own words ‘the Museum was a revelation to me. I went at least twice a week for two or three hours and one room or another caught my enthusiasm. The wonderful thing about the British Museum is that everything is stretched out before you and you are free to make your own discoveries’ (Finn, 1981) Moore worked his way through the different many departments of the British Museum. The galleries housing the Antiquities of Africa, Asia, Egypt, Greece, Prehistoric and Roman-Britain, Rome and the Orient were a great favorite of the artist. In the time of Moore, the Ethnographic Galleries which housed the artifacts of Oceania was also located within the British Museum (Phelan, 2001). As an aspirant modernist sculptor, Moore had always been a fan of Roger Fry's ‘Vision and Design,, a collection of essays. This book is considered the most prominent and significant work of art criticism that was written in England

ETHICAL DILEMAS INTERNATONALIZING FIRMS HAVE FACED Research Proposal

ETHICAL DILEMAS INTERNATONALIZING FIRMS HAVE FACED - Research Proposal Example Each party comes with marketing transactions according to their cultural backgrounds of how the businesses should exist as well as how business should be implemented (Mozur 2015). Each aspect of marketing has ethical implications. Ethical implications in marketing study include incursion of privacy along with stereotyping (Brislin & Yoshida, 1994). Stereotyping happens because of analysis of real population in order to make applications as well as placing individuals into groups (Merriam, 2001). However, if it is conducted irresponsibly it might lead to ethical objectionable results. In this perspective, selective market is mostly used to depress demand from unwanted market sectors. A number of unethical market barring includes past business stances to the gay, cultural minority as well as plus size markets (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 2012). Insufficient skills in marketing ploys is another ethical issue that is connected to vulnerable audiences in developing

Who Is Jesus Essay Example for Free

Who Is Jesus Essay To say who Jesus Christ is within one essay would be an impossibility. However, as a servant of my Lord and Savior, I will attempt to explain who my precious Jesus is. Who is Jesus? He is the Son of God and He is also the Son of man. He is the atonement for our sins; he is the King of glory. Jesus is the bright and morning star and a mighty counselor and teacher. He is the great physician and the bread of life. Jesus is the bread of life; the first and the last; the Alpha and the Omega. He is the King of kings and the Lord of lords. To me, personally, Jesus is my strength and the best thing that has ever happened to me! He is my Savior; my Redeemer and my best friend. And what He is to me, He desires to be to the whole world. He is the good Sheppard; He gives life for the sheep. (John 10:11, King James Version) Jesus’ mission to the world is to seek and save that which is lost. The whole reason he left Heaven and came to this earth and was crucified was so that we could be saved by His blood. We know what his mission was by reading His holy word, the Bible. John 3:16 says: For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son; that whosoever believeth on Him should not perish but have everlasting life. So, in conclusion, let me say that this Jesus that I am describing is the reason for living and without Him, life would not be worth anything. I love Him so much. But, most of all, He loves me.

How Did China Resist Western Influences?

How Did China Resist Western Influences? In the 19th Century, during the Qing dynasty, China had little communications with Western countries due to their self-sufficiency. However, the British smuggled opium into China, the Chinese found out that people would get addicted to opium, so the Chinese banned smoking opium and led to the Opium War. Soon after the war was declared, other foreign countries such as France and Russia noticed China was a land with a lot of economic resources. Even though many civil wars including the Taiping Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion were launched, China resisted Western influences through rebellions aiming at ridding China of westerners, treaties regulating peace with Western countries, and movements attempting to reform the government. China resisted western influences by declaring wars toward foreign countries. The Opium War between China and Britain was caused by Britains ignoring Chinas warnings and keeping smuggling opium into China. China lost the war because the technologies of Great Britain were more advanced. The two countries signed Nanking Treaty, which expanded the prologue of unequal treaties. After the Nanking Treaty, civilians not only distrusted their own government, but also refused accepting westerners due to the fact that numerous western nations forced China to open other ports so that foreigners could export their goods to China. The result led to the unstable market of China. In order to make a great peaceful world many civilians formed a party called Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Hong Xiuquan, the leader of the party, advocated gender equality and public treasury in addition to spreading Christianity, in which the party broke temples and idols and introduced missionary in China. Moreover, people distrusted the Qing government as it was deteriorating. Also, foreign countries gave more pressure during that time. An organization called Yi Ho Tuan believed that by joining their group and practicing Chinese Kong Fu with them, they would soon become invincible. Due to their belief, members of Yi Ho Tuan chose not to follow the governments laws. In the spring of 1900, Yi Ho Tuan descended to Beijing, declaring the Boxer Rebellion. They surrounded the European section, however, they suffered a humiliating defeat from the multinational force of 19,000 troops. Even though the Yi Ho Tuan failed, a strong sense of nationalism and of refusing western countries arose in China. Since the failure of the several rebellions, China was forced to sign plenty of unequal treaties as a postwar reconciliation. As a settlement, China was compelled to sign Nanking Treaty which included the opening of the five following ports, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningpo, and Shanghai, where Britons were allowed to trade with anyone they wished. And China gave Hong Kong to Britain as well as twenty one million silver as reparation. After the treaty, the trading competitiveness faced unprecedented problems from foreigners to Chinese people. The trend of opposition to westerners kept rising in Chinese peoples minds. Too many defeats made China to give western countries many arbitrary conditions. Even if China were having unfair negotiations, it still had to make concessions. The agreement on tariffs reduced a great number of Chinas taxes, and the Unilateral Most Favored Nation delighted westerners with impunity. However, these increased Chinese peoples hatred to westerners. The more failure of wars, the more unequal treaties China had to sign. China signed up Beijing Treaty which allowed westerners recruit Chinese slaves. More than that, foreigners could build churches in China. Westerners plundered great amount valuable resources from China. Likewise, these made Chinese people feel unfair that westerners received too many rights in China. In 1860, China lost Second Opium War so they had to undertake western countries’ squeezes, which means more treaties. China was forced to agree with Tianjing Treaty. This treaty allowed Russia, America, Britain, and France to preach in China. The United States had the right to station legations in Beijing. This treaty forced China to open Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Taiwan, and Qiongzhou seven ports to Russia, and Russian troops could park in various ports. Furthermore, opium could be traded and imported freely, which made Qing government very vexed. By this time, China wanted to be suppressed no longer, so it intended plural reforms that improved it’s attribute such as Hundred Days Reform, and Self-Strengthening Movement. China self-improved by learning foreign policies, making up some incentives for the people who contributed to China, or enhancing military. The Self-Strengthening Movement was promoted by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang after the failure of Second Opium War. They advocated to learning western countries’ industrial technologies and business methods because they witnessed the tremendous power of foreign invaders’ battleships. They first set up Prime States Office to process foreign affairs. Then they erected Machinery Manufacturing Bureau and arsenals to form a new military industry to enhance military in every province. They improved their military especially navy. Because conservatives didnt support and the low efficiency of bureaucracy, so this movement didnt succeed, but it paved the way for the Hundred Days’ Reform. China didn’t give up after the bungle of the Self-Strengthening Movement. It promoted Hundred Days’ Reform, popularized by Emperor Guangxu, Kang Youwei, and Liang Qichao, which was divided into four parts including education, economy, military, and policy. Chinese government established higher level schools and selected some children to go to study in Japan. Because foreign educations were thought to be better at that time. For the development of economy, Qing government set up factories everywhere in China to promote the production. To improve military, it used western ways to train troops. It lifted the exclusion of newspaper and laid off bureaucracy to strengthen government structure and build up the trust of civilians. Even though the overthrew of the Hundred Days’ Reform by the conservatives in 1898, China’s national power had indeed grown, which made the Chinese believe they didnt need foreigners to conquer them anymore. All the unequal treaties made China more vulnerable and caused Chinese people to distrust the government and therefore had a lot of riots. China reflected on its own and began to promote the policy of self-improvement. China resisted the western influences. While regulating peace with Western countries by signing treaties and attempting to reform the government, China wanted to be self isolated since it was self-sufficient. However, numerous revolutions proved that it was impossible not to be influenced by westerners to isolate itself within its own world. Bibliography Anderson, Doone, et al. â€Å"Hundred Days’ Reforms† Alpha History. Web. 17. Nov.2013 Anderson, Doone, et al. â€Å"Sun Yat-sen† Alpha History. Web. 17. Nov.2013 Anderson, Doone, et al. â€Å"The Self-Strengthening Movement† Alpha History. Web. 17. Nov.2013 Gibson, Anne.â€Å"The Opium Wars: When Britain Made War on China.† BBC News. BBC, 12. Mar. 2012. 25. Sept. 2013 Gracie, Carrie.â€Å"Hong Xiuquan: The Rebel Who Thought He Was Jesus’ Brother†. BBC News.BBC, 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 26.Sept.2013 Trueman, Chris. â€Å"The Boxer Rebellion.† History Learning Site. Web. 25 Sept. 2013 Trueman, Chris. â€Å"The Japan† History Learning Site. Web. 17 Nov. 2013

Aristotles Legacy in the Federalist Papers -- Federalist Papers Essay

Aristotle's Legacy in the Federalist Papers While the government of the United States owes its existence to the contents and careful thought behind the Constitution, some attention must be given to the contributions of a series of essays called the Federalist Papers towards this same institution. Espousing the virtues of equal representation, these documents also promote the ideals of competent representation for the populace and were instrumental in addressing opposition to the ratification of the Constitution during the fledgling years of the United States. With further reflection, the Federalists, as these essays are called, may in turn owe their existence, in terms of their intellectual underpinnings, to the writings of the philosopher and teacher, Aristotle. In 1789, the Confederation of the United States, faced with the very real threat of dissolution, found a renewed future with the ratification of the Constitution of the United States. This document created a structure upon which the citizens could build a future free of the unwanted pitfalls and hazards of tyrannies, dictatorship, or monarchies, while securing the best possible prospects for a good life. However, before the establishment of the new United States government, there was a period of dissent over the need for a strong centralized government. Furthermore, there was some belief that the new constitution failed to provide adequate protection for small businessmen and farmers and even less clear protection for fundamental human rights. To counter these and a variety of other arguments, statesmen Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay composed a series of articles that would logically and critically address the grievances of those opposed to the... ...Federalist Papers: The House of Representatives," The New York Packet, No. 52, 1788. 6. Hamilton, Alexander and James Madison, "Federalist Papers: Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention," The New York Packet, No. 49, 1788. 7. Aristotle, The Politics, Trans. Benjamin Jowett, Book 3, Part XV. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.html 8. Hamilton, Alexander and James Madison, "Federalist Papers: Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention," The New York Packet, No. 49, 1788. 9. Hamilton, Alexander and James Madison, "Federalist Papers: The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments," The New York Packet, No. 51, 1788.

Using Total Physical Response, Ollers Episodic Theory, and Krashens Monitor Hypothesisa :: Teaching Education Philosophy

Using Total Physical Response, Ollers Episodic Theory, and Krashen's Monitor Hypothesisa to Teach a Second Language Teaching is a wonderful thing where you are given the opportunity to make a difference in the life of a student. Teaching is about making a connection with the students and reaching out to those who need it. As a future Spanish teacher I am looking forward to this opportunity because I will be instrumental in helping students make a connection with other cultures and compare it to their own. As a foreign language instructor I will have the responsibility to demonstrate the importance of language in today's world and I will do this by providing different types of classroom activities. Teaching a second language creates the potential to overcome cultural gaps by allowing students of all backgrounds to communicate in a language other then their own without having to spend significant resources to do so. In addition to this a foreign language gives students the opportunity to learn about different cultures, customs and beliefs without having to travel any further then the classroom. A technique that is both effective and creates a fun learning environment are games. The use of games allows learning to take place on both the conscious and subconscious levels. By the use of games you can use many modern techniques such as Total Physical Response (TPR), story telling as prescribed by Ollers Episodic Theory, while including elements of Krashen's Monitor Hypothesis, all of which can address the national standards. There are several different approaches to learning that involve different theories, which build upon previous information and use different cognitive abilities. However, there is no one formal definition of what learning is. That has been a question that educators have pondered for many years. I believe that learning is a combination of different processes involving memorization, experience, adaptation and application of new skills, as well as conscious and subconscious reinforcement. A good way to facilitate learning is to take elements of these different theories and approaches and integrate them into classroom activities and lesson plans. It's necessary to challenge and motivate the students in order to have them perform well. In order to challenge the students in the study of a foreign language I will present them with different aspects of the cultures in which the language represents by cultural readings, foreign newspapers, and samples of music and food that are represented in those cultures.

Assessor S Script

The Assessor: After hearing the definition of NC II -? CSS, we can say that it is very important. It has its own importance and benefits like for example, work. Nowadays, if we would like to apply on a company, it will serve as your weapon in applying. NC II – CSS is accredited on foreign countries. NC II -? CSS is important because it will give you additional knowledge and an advantage to challenges. The Assessor: Moving on, we are now going to tackle the Core Competencies of NC II – CSS. There are 4 Units of Competencies. These are: Install Computer Systems and Network Diagnose Computer Systems and NetworkConfigure Computer Systems and Network Maintain Computer Systems and Network Installing Computer Systems and Network – This module will teach you how to install a single boot or a dual boot SO in one computer unit. Diagnose Computer Systems and Network -? This will teach you how to diagnose computer systems and network. It involves Assembly/Disassembly of a sy stem where in you will be observe if you obey the safety precautions and the proper handling of the parts of a system. Configuring Computer Systems and Network – This module will teach you how to configure computer systems and network.In this part also allows you to teach file sharing through network. In this part, you will do the cabling and what is the right pattern of cabling should be used. Maintain Computer Systems and Network – This module will teach you how to maintain Computer systems and network. In this part, you will be interview. The Interview involves the different malfunctions or errors encountered in maintaining a computer. The Assessor: What are the things we should prepare? We have to prepare the following: Application Form Test Package Attendance Sheet Self-Assessment Guide Competency Assessment Result Summary Tools and EquipmentThe Assessor: The Application Form was given to you ahead of this assessment. I will give it to you for you to recheck if yo u missed something. The assessor will now distribute the Application Form to its respective applicant. The Assessor will now guide the candidate on filling up the Application Form. The Assessor: Use BLACK INK only. The first thing you should to do is to sign the Applicant's Signature. After that is the date that you have accomplished the form. Under that is the Name Of School where the assessment center is located, Address location of the school and the Title of Assessment you have applied for.In this case you will put, NC II – Computer Hardware Servicing. Under that is the Qualifications. It has two options which is Full Qualification of COCO. Tick the Full Qualification. Next is the Client Type. Tick the DUVET Graduating Student. The Profile part consists of the Surname, First Name and Middle Name. Use Capital Letters only. Mailing Address consists of Number/ Street, Bargain, District, City, Province, Region and Zip Code. Fill up your Mother's Name, Father's Name and Sex. C heck the Male Box if you are a boy and if girl, check the Female Box. Next is the Civil Status. Check ONE only.Contact Numbers, Highest Educational Attainment, check College Level. Birthrate, You should write in following format MM/AD/W and your Birthplace. Do not put the hospital but the CITY you were born. Put your Work Experience if you have. Name of the Company, Position, Inclusive Dates, Monthly Salary, Status of Appointment and Number of Years Working. Next is the Other Training/Seminars Attended. The seminars that you should mention are on NATIONAL QUALIFICATION-RELATED. Next is Licenser Examinations that you had passed and Lastly The Competency Assessment's that you have passed.The Assessor: Under the Application Form is the, Admission Slip. Please cut the Admission Slip and Pass the Application Form to me. The assessor will collect the Application Form and leave the Admission Slip to the candidates. The assessor will now verify the information written on the Application For m. If there are still information lacking, you will give it back to the candidate and let him fill up the missing information. If verification is done and no error is sighted, the assessor will now explain the proper procedures in filling up the information on the Admission Slip.The Assessor: Do not write anything on the Reference Number. Leave it blank. Write your name on the Name of Applicant Field. Next is you Contact Number or Telephone Number. The Assessment you applied for is NC II – CSS (Computer Hardware Servicing. The Official Receipt Number was given to you after you settle the payment for this assessment. Please indicate the date where you pay to the Date Issued side. On, the lower right portion of the slip, Write your name in PRINT and put your signature above it. Lastly, the date of your assessment should be indicated. The Assessor: Any questions?If there are no questions, you can now proceed on checking of attendance. The Assessor: will now check your attendance . The assessor will now distribute the attendance to the candidates. The Assessor: Let me remind you this, you can use blank ink only. Each attendance sheet will only accommodate 10 persons each. Each person will fill up 3 attendance sheets. The number you have filled up on the attendance should be similar or the same to the corresponding attendance sheets. Let the candidates sign on the attendance sheet, compare the signatures of candidates on admission slip against the signature on the attendance sheet.The Assessor: Here with me is the Self-Assessment Guide. This is an indication that you know and can perform all units of competency enumerated in this qualification. If you checked â€Å"No† at least one of these questions indicates that you are not competent. In every end qualifications, fill up the Candidate's Name and the Date. Please read the instructions carefully and answer all the questions outlined in the document. Use black ink only. The Assessor: If you need assist ance, I will be more than Willing to assist you. The self-assessment guide was given to the candidate by the processing officer of the assessment center.The competency assessor explains and guides the candidate in accomplishing the Self-Assessment Guide. After the candidate is through with accomplishing the Self-Assessment Guide, you will review the answers and will give feedback to the candidates. The Assessor: Now, you are now going to fill up the Test Package and the Competency Assessment Result. Fill out the following fields, the Name of the Candidate, Date of Assessment and name Of Assessment Center. Avoid erasures and use black ink only. The assessor will now double check the fields of the candidates and let them ill out the lacking information and verifies it.The competency assessor orients/briefs the candidates. The assessor should explain the following. The Assessor: What are the tools and equipment used in the assessment? In networking, you will use Crimping Tool, U TOP Ca ble and an RUG-45. You will be given ;o (2) RUG-ass. In Installing Computer System, you will use a CD and Computer Unit. Lastly, in Diagnose Computer System and Network, you will use a Computer System and a screw. Please handle the tools and equipment with care. If you unfortunately broke a tool or equipment, you will replace it with a new one.The Assessor: As the in-charge person here, will set my Rules and Policies during Assessment Procedure. These are the rules: The candidate can only left the assessment room if he or she has the consent of the assessor. No talking during assessment hours. Observe Silence. The Assessor: Do you have any clarifications? If none, you can now designate different qualifications to the candidate. The Assessor: Candidate 1, 2 and 3 will do the Installing Computer Systems and Network. Candidate 4, 5 and 6 will do the Diagnose Computer and Systems and Network. Candidate 7, 8 and 9 will do the Configure ComputerSystem s and Network and lastly, Candidate 1 0 will do the Maintain Computer Systems and Network. You now instruct Candidate 1 to enter the assessment room. (to be followed by Candidate 2, 3 etc. ). Provide the candidate with all materials, tools and equipment required to complete the tasks. At this point, you give the Specific Instructions to the candidate clear and slowly. The Assessor: From this point, I will give you the Specific Instructions. The Assessor: Using the materials, tools and equipment, you are required to perform the tasks within hours. I will be observing you while you are performing the tasks.The Assessor: After your demonstration, I will ask you questions related to your demonstration. The Assessor: You may call me when there is a need for me to translate or explain items for clarification. The Assessor: After the questioning portion, I will give you feedback about your performance. The Assessor: Any questions/clarifications? If there are no more questions, you may start now. While the candidate performs th e activity you must remind or observe the candidate if he obey the safety precautions in doing a certain task. F one candidate is done on the task you designated, designate him a new ask.The Assessor: You were (give the strong points of the candidate followed by the weak points) If the candidate was found to be competent say: The Assessor: You performed the tasks within the standard requirements of the Qualification. Note: Present the CARS or the Competency Assessment Result to the candidate to affix his signature on the candidate's signature portion. This is a proof that he accepts your assessment decision. If the candidate was found not yet competent say: The Assessor: am sorry. You were not able to perform within the standard requirements of the Qualification.You have to review/practice the activities related to the competency requirements of the Qualification further. The Assessor: You can only comeback if there is another schedule of assessment for you to reassess or when you f eel confident enough that you have acquired the competence. Do not worry you will only be reassessed on the part of activity that you were found not yet competent. Proof that he accepts your assessment decision. Complete the rating sheets and other documents and submit there to the Manager of the Assessment Center The Assessor: Now you know the results, What are the requirements in lamming your NC II -? CSS Certificate?

US Current Account Deficit

According to Peterson Institute for International Economics, the Current Account Deficit of the United States is now at the highest point it has ever reached, nearing $800 billion. This situation is not financially sustainable because in accounting terms it demands that the US economy must import about $4 billion every working day to offset the deficit. The deficit is definitely a problem for the economy because it has to be addressed both economically and politically.The two factors, economics and politics go hand in hand and the relationship between the two factors is directly proportional meaning that when politics are generally tranquil, the economy grows and vice versa. To be able to address the deficit a combination of well orchestrated measures must be taken thus: – i) The first measure is rather obvious and it dictates a sizable reduction in the US budget expenditure.Money guzzlers like the protracted wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have to be contained. ii) The second me asure is an expansion of demand for domestic US products in other economies particularly other major economies for faster results. Along with this expansion, the US has to reduce its dependence on imports particularly oil whose price fluctuations have a negative effect on the US economy. iii) The third measure is a technical gradual and substantial realignment of currency exchange rates.A cheaper dollar would stimulate exports which would in turn earn the US the much needed foreign exchange. One handicap with this measure is that other major economies like China and the Oil Producing States have to allow the dollar to fall further against their currencies an act which is not probable. This is because of the less than amiable relations between the US and the other economies. Simply put, these nations might not be very willing to bail the US out.

Melting Point Determination Essay

Identifying an unknown compound can be a difficult task. In identifying a compound, researchers often measure several physical properties: melting point, boiling point, density and observes a few chemical properties: reactivity, acidity, basicity of the compound. The reason for determining several chemical and physical properties of the compound is that it is quite possible for two different compounds to have a few physical and or chemical properties in common; but it is highly unlikely for the two compounds to have very many identical physical and chemical properties (Gilber & Martin, 2010). The goal of this experiment is to determine the identity of the unknown using the melting-point technique. If the entire compound in the list given by your instructor had distinctly different melting points, it would be possible to determine the identity of the unknown by just taking its melting point. However, each of the compounds in this list has a melting point that is close to the melting point of another compound in the list. Therefore, the melting point of the unknown will allow you to break down the choices to two compounds (Pavia, Lampman, & Kriza, 2013). To determine the identity of you compound, you must perform mixture melting points of your unknown and each of the two compounds with similar melting points. A mixture melting point that is depressed and has a wide range indicates that the two compounds in the mixture are different. It should be pointed out, however, that it is not possible to accurately predict the physical properties of newly synthesized or isolated compounds. Therefore, tables of physical properties are only useful in identifying previously known compounds. However, useful information as to the compound’s identity and its purity can often be obtained from its melting point. Although the melting point can be used to help identify an unknown by comparing its melting point to literature values, it must be apparent that there are literally hundreds if not thousands of compounds that share the same melting point. To solve this dilemma the identity of a compound can be confirm using mixed melting point method. If you prepare a mixture of you unknown chemical and the one you suspect it may be and measure the melting point of the mixture then there are two possible results: The melting point of the mixture is the same as the pure compound which means that the unknown compound and the known compound are the same. The melting point of the mixture is lower than either of the two pure components and the melting range is large. This is because the two compounds are different with the result that one is an impurity in the other (Dean, Jones, Holmes, & Reed, 2011). Determination of the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium is time consuming. It is also quite difficult with a small amount of sample. Thus, in practice, most melting points are determined as capillary melting points, which can be done quickly with a small amount of sample in a capillary tube (Bettelheim & Frederick, 2004). Melting point analysis is a quick, relatively easy, and inexpensive preliminary analysis if the sample is already mostly pure and has a suspected identity. Additionally, analysis requires small samples only. As with any analysis, there are certain drawbacks to melting point analysis. If the sample is not solid, melting point analysis cannot be done. Also, analysis is destructive of the sample. For qualitative identification analysis, there are now more specific and accurate analyses that exist, although they are typically much more expensive. Also, samples with more than one solute cannot be analyzed quantitatively for purity (Molavi & Barron, 2011) Methodology: Finding an Identical Compound: Two melting-point capillaries were filled with small amounts of your sample. One was used to determine an approximate melting point range for your unknown by allowing the temperature to rise at about 6oC per minute. Then the melting point apparatus was cooled to at least 5oC below the temperature at which melting began. A slow, careful determination of the melting point range was made on the second sample by allowing the temperature to rise at a rate of approximately 2oC per minute. It is important that the melting point was measured carefully because finding another student in the lab with the identical compound depends on it. The melting point range was recorded in the laboratory notebook and also on the data sheet provided by the instructor along with the student number. From the data sheet, another student in the lab was located whose unknown has a melting point range that is within 4oC. A small amount of the student’s compound was used to prepare a sample for a mixed melting point. The error range of  ±4oC was accounted for experimental error and the fact that the thermometers are not calibrated thus the ranges from different instruments may vary slightly. To prepare the mixed melting point sample, one part of the unknown given was used to one part of the other student’s compound. The sample was mixed thoroughly by gently crushing the mixture with a glass stirring rod until it looks homogeneous. The melting point range was determined and the result was recorded in the laboratory notebook. Search was continued until you identified a student in the lab with a compound identical to yours and a second student in the lab with an unknown with approximately the same melting point range, but whose compound is not the same as yours. Results and Discussion: |Table 1 Mixed Melting Point Unknowns | |Unknown |Structure |Melting Point Range | | | |(oC) | |Benzoic Acid |[pic] |121-123 | |DL-malic Acid |[pic] |131-133 | |Urea |[pic] |132-135 | |Trans-cinnamic Acid |[pic] |131-136 | |Succinic Acid |[pic] |184 | Table 1 shows the given unknowns to be identified in this experiment. The melting point range in the table was the basis of the researchers in identifying their given unknowns. Some chemical compounds given from the manual was omitted to limit the scope of the experiment. Other books give different melting point range on the compounds in the table. This is because temperature also varies in the fact that the thermometers are not calibrated. The unknown pure compound has a white powdery solid feature. Melting point range determination is only applicable for solid compounds. Two trials were conducted to observe the melting point of the pure compound. For the first trial, it was observed that the compound starts to melt at exactly 135oC and the solid in the capillary tube was completely dissolved at 137oC. The solid melts instantaneously because the temperature of the cooking oil used arises rapidly compared when using water as a boiling bath. The second trial was conducted to confirm if the result for trial one is precise and the finding for the melting point also ranges from 135-137oC. From the data collected, it was predicted that the unknown might be urea or trans-cinnamic acid. Since both urea and trans-cinnamic acid have exactly the same melting point, it is difficult to determine which one is the given compound. The pure compound (Unknown A) was mixed to the compound (Unknown B) of one student with melting-point range of 134-136oC. Both unknown have the same physical feature which fell into conclusion that the two solids are same compounds. However, the temperature of the mixed compounds decreased by 80-84oC. Possible reason for this outcome is contamination of the mixed compound by the stirring rod used in mixing. Trial two was conducted for the mix-melting point determination. Another student whose compound (Unknown C) has a melting point that ranges from 131-134oC was mixed with Unknown A. Both unknowns have the same physical feature with Unknown B. The unknowns were mixed thoroughly with a clean stirring rod. The mixed compound starts to dissolve at exactly 134oC and solid in the capillary tube was completely dissolved at a temperature of 136oC. It is strong evidence that the two substances are the same. According to Mayo, Pike, and Forbes (2011), the crystalline lattice forces holding organic solids together are distributed over a relatively narrow energy range. The melting points of organic compounds, therefore, are usually relatively sharp, that is, less than 2oC. The range and maximum temperature of the melting point, however, are very sensitive to impurities. Small amounts of sample contamination by soluble impurities nearly always will result in meting-point depression. The drop in melting point is usually accompanied by an expansion of the melting-point range. Thus, in addition to the melting point acting as a useful guide in identification, it also can be a particularly effective indication of sample purity. The effectiveness of this technique depends on the relative solubility of the substances in each other. The usefulness of mixed melting points is limited in that you must have some idea of the chemical nature of your unknown compound and a sample of the suspected compound must be available. The researcher used melting points to determine the purity of organic compounds. Pure compounds were seen to have a narrow melting range, while impurities were seen to cause the melting range to become lower and broader. From the mixture melting points the researcher definitively able to identify the unknown as trans-cinnamic acid. 5. References: Aldrich, S. (n.d). Retrieved July14, 2013, from LLC, Sigma-Aldrich Co, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ product/aldrich/w228826?l ang=en ®ion=PH Bettelheim, Frederick, A., Landenberg, & Joseph M. (2004). Organic and Biochemistry (5th ed.). USA: A Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Pages 17-20 Dean, J., Jones, M., Holmes, D., & Reed, R. (2011). Practical Skills in Chemistry (11th ed.). England: Pearson Education Limimited. Gilbert, J. & Martin S. (2010). Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach (5th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning Mayo, D., Pike, R., & Forbes, D. (2011). Microscale Organic Laboratory with multistep and multiscale synthesis (5th ed.). United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Molavi, S., & Barron, A. (2012, May 29). Melting Point Analysis. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m43565/1.1/ Pavia, D., Lampman, G., Kriz, G., and Engel, R. (2013). A Microscal Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques (5th ed.). USA Cencage Learning.